This site will look much better in a browser that supports web standards, but it is accessible to any browser or Internet device.

WorkSafeBC

contact us banner

Research results

The following research projects have full summaries of completed research online. They give an overview of the issue being addressed and key findings, as well as a description of how the study was done, the results and conclusions, and any information about publications based on the funded research. An index of completed research projects with full reports is also available.

Projects are grouped under the following thematic categories:

Compensation, disability management and return-to-work

Expectations of Return to Work for Injured Workers with Sub-acute Back Pain
This study interviewed injured workers with sub-acute back about their expectations related to the return-to-work (RTW) process. The research identified workers’ perceived uncertainty about RTW as a key category in their expectations about RTW. Several recommendations are provided for addressing uncertainty as a key factor in the RTW process.

Investigating the longer-term health consequences of work-related injuries among youth
This project examined the impact of work-related injuries among B.C. youth, using workers’ compensation and health care use data. The research found that work injuries for youth were associated with significant long term health consequences, and that this was especially true for musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs).

Long-term impact of western red cedar asthma on work, health and quality of life
This project examined the current respiratory health and quality of life of BC workers diagnosed with Western red cedar asthma (WRCA) since 1972. Information about work history, current employment, exposure status, respiratory symptoms and overall quality of life were gathered through telephone interviews. Findings indicate that WRCA can impact quality of life as well as respiratory health. The most favourable outcomes were experienced by individuals who continued working after diagnosis, particularly when this work did not involve further WRC exposure.

Measuring health outcomes: An empirical comparison of adaptive and standard questionnaires (Arthritis Research Centre of Canada)
This project developed and evaluated a computerized adaptive questionnaire for measuring health outcomes for patients with back pain. The questionnaire was completed by patients with mechanical back pain, and the questionnaire’s validity, feasibility and efficiency were assessed.

Systematic Review of Process & Implementation of Participatory Ergonomic (PE) Interventions: Stakeholder Engagement
This systematic review was designed to shed light on the factors that can enable or impede the implementation of participatory ergonomics (PE) interventions – a method for reducing musculoskeletal injury – in workplaces. Stakeholders were involved throughout the research process, and provided input on the kinds of literature included in the review, as well as on the development of strategies for sharing the research findings. The researchers determined that having the right groupings of members on an ergonomics team is essential, and that having sound scientific knowledge about the catalysts and barriers to successful interventions is essential to improving PE policies and supporting their implementation in the workplace.

Training, Dissemination & Evaluation of a Depression Self-care Tool Delivered to Injured Employees New
Depression is commonly associated with workplace-related physical injuries and can also have negative effects on recovery, rehabilitation and the return-to-work process. This study was designed to address these issues by through the development of an implementation strategy for disseminating and integrating a low-cost, evidence-based self-care guide for depression. The research team proposed to integrate the strategy into an existing Prevention & Early Active Return-to-Work (PEARS) program for injured workers with a primary diagnosis of musculoskeletal injury. The project was aimed at enhancing the outcomes of early intervention for workers with depression related to a primary physical health injury.

Workplace injury management: Using new technology to deliver and evaluate physician continuing medical education
In this study, physician Continuing Medical Education modules on two subjects (lateral epicondylitis and physician's role in Return to Work) were developed and evaluated. The modules were delivered in four different formats: video conferencing, web-based training, small group outreach visits and conference lectures).

WorkSafeBC Benefits Study Report 1: The Impact of Bill 49 on Benefits Adequacy and Equity
Bill 49, Workers Compensation Amendment Act, came into effect on June 30, 2002. Introduced by British Columbia’s provincial government in May 2002, the changes included in the legislation were aimed at bringing benefit levels for injured workers more in line with other jurisdictions and improving the sustainability of the workers’ compensation system in BC. This project was designed to study the impact of Bill 49 on benefits for workers. Using a sampling of BC workers who were permanently impaired by work-related injuries or illnesses in the period 1990-1994, the researchers carried out a simulation to compare the level of benefits actually received (under pre-Bill 49 policies) with an estimate of the benefits that would have been received had Bill 49 already been in place. Using pre-injury earnings as the basis of comparison, the research showed that before Bill 49 was introduced, average earnings replacement rates for all groups were well above the target of 90%. The study demonstrates that that the changes introduced through Bill 49 had the intended effect of reducing the proportion of workers’ compensation recipients receiving a pension greater than their after-tax income at the time they were injured, bringing BC workers’ compensation closer to national averages.

Changing nature of work and work environment

Acoustical Environments in VCH Health-Care Facilities, Phase 1: Measurement Tools and Pilot Studies
High noise levels and poor acoustics in health care facilities may have negative effects for health care workers, such as increased stress, impaired verbal communication and increased patient aggression toward staff. This project developed and tested methods for researching this issue, including: measurements of sound and noise within health care facilities, sampling of biomarkers of chronic stress (salivary cortisol and heart rate variability), and the collection of information about participants’ perceptions of noise levels, other stress factors, and patient aggression. The refined research methods and preliminary data will inform the team’s next phase of research on the impact of noise levels in long term health care facilities.

Changing the Sheets The Slider Sheet System – Phase Two: Incorporating Lessons Learned from Phase one
This project was a four month trial of a 2-part slider sheet system designed to solve the problems associated with manual repositioning in bed.  The slider sheet system was made available in four acute care units (rehabilitation, surgical, renal and hospice) in the Interior Health Authority of B.C.  Data was collected on usage and staff experiences in using the slider sheet system as a whole or using some components in combination with traditional linens. Quantitative tests were also conducted to compare friction levels and muscle exertion related to repositioning on slider sheets in comparison with traditional linens.  Results showed that the slider sheet system makes manual repositioning patients easier for the caregiver, generates less friction and requires less muscle exertion. The researchers make recommendations for broadly implementing the slider sheet system.

Development of Descent Guidelines for Log-Hauling Vehicles (Highway Legal Configurations)
This project developed guidelines for calculating the conditions under which highway size logging trucks can safely descend steep roads.  To develop the guidelines, researchers conducted field tests with two on-highway trucks (a 6-axle truck and a 7-axle truck), then generated a computer model that can predict stopping performance under different conditions. Using these calculations, the maximum speeds and loads for specified road conditions (traction, grade and distance) for 5-axle, 6-axle and 7-axle on-highway trucks were determined and safe descent guidelines were developed. An online spreadsheet tool for using the guidelines was also developed to assist forest engineers, road planners and haul supervisory staff in calculating hauling risk on steep grades.

Development of an Ergonomic Syringe Adapter New
An ergonomic assessment conducted by the Provincial Health Services Authority (PHSA) revealed that there is a moderate to high risk of injury to the hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow of British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA) nurses who administer chemotherapy drugs using large volume syringes. The researchers set out to design and develop an ergonomic syringe adapter to help eliminate awkward hand and wrist postures, and to reduce hand-grip force so that risk of injury for users is prevented or reduced.

The project included an evaluation of the syringe adapter to quantify the reduction in level of risk in comparison to the prevailing method of drug administration. Other factors were evaluated to determine the success of the solution, including: user acceptance, ease-of-use, functionality, performance, safety (to caregiver and patient), and hygiene.

Identification of Potential Risk Factors for Injury to Police Officers in Using New Technologies
This project set out to identify police vehicle and equipment design issues that contribute to on-the-job injuries, and to make recommendations addressing these concerns. The researchers discovered that while police vehicles are increasingly becoming mobile work stations, complete with computers and other new equipment – both in the vehicles and attached to officers’ duty belts – little has been done to address the ergonomic and safety problems arising from such changes. Through observation and consultations with members of the Vancouver Police Department (VPD) and Justice Institute of British Columbia (JIBC) recruits, the researchers developed a series of recommendations for improving police vehicle safety and comfort. Based on their findings, the researchers propose that immediate action be taken on issues identified as having low-cost, common-sense solutions, and that ongoing partnerships be built to address questions that require more complex strategies.

Immigrant Workers' Experiences after Work-related Injury in British Columbia: Identifying Key Questions and Building Research Capacity New
This project was designed to examine immigrant workers’ experiences after a work-related injury, including issues such as their experiences with the workers’ compensation system and their knowledge of and willingness to invoke their rights. The researchers aimed to identify key research gaps regarding these issues in the British Columbia context and to link researchers with community stakeholders. The research findings may also be used to inform more comprehensive research on injured immigrant workers in BC. The forum allowed connections to be made across disciplines and geography. It is hoped that these connections will lead to more research on immigration, work and health in BC that makes full use of the interest, people and resources available. Participants were also able to identify a range of knowledge and policy gaps for future research.

In-service Evaluation of Onboard Brake Monitoring Device for Logging Trucks
When logging trucks operate on steep forest roads, properly functioning brakes are critical. If brakes overheat, they can go out of adjustment and may malfunction. This project evaluated an onboard brake monitoring system that alerts drivers to high brake temperatures and other issues requiring adjustments to brakes and speed. The researchers installed the system in two different logging trucks on Vancouver Island and collected data on how the system functioned, as well as feedback from the drivers and maintenance staff. The project found that the system is robust enough for use in a harsh log-hauling environment, but still needs some refinements to improve performance and acceptance.

Mobile Equipment Safety System
Many fatalities and serious injuries occur when workers are struck by or caught in heavy mobile equipment, such as forklifts, log loaders, dump trucks and bulldozers. This project developed a wireless system that can detect unsafe distances between people and heavy equipment, and shut down or slow the machinery when this occurs. In year one of the project, radio wave sensor technology was integrated into the design and a prototype was added to a forklift and successfully tested. In year two, several improvements were made, and the system was pilot tested in overhead cranes at an industrial worksite. The project team is now testing the system at industrial jobsites with different types of equipment, and expects it to be ready for introduction to the marketplace in the near future.

On-Water Visibility Study - Determining the most visible colour that can be worn by floating subjects New
This study was designed to determine and scientifically validate the most conspicuous colour for use on personal flotation devices and immersion suits when viewed on the water. Recent colour visibility studies have led to changes at WorkSafeBC requiring the use of fluorescent materials by road workers. However, current Canadian immersion suit standards prescribe non-fluorescent Pantone colours (orange, red, and yellow) for use on immersion suits. While wearing personal protective equipment when working on the water is seen as essential, historically there has been no strong evidence or agreement on what colour the equipment should be. The results of this study could be used to guide the development of future standards and regulations, contributing to the increased safety of on-water workers.

Testing Remotely Operated Hydraulic Flange Spreaders for Manual Tree Fallings
This project tested an experimental method for manually falling trees that enables the final stage (displacing the tree from the stump) to be completed from a safe distance, using a remotely operated device. The procedure was field tested at the Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, and found to have an 80% success rate. The researchers conclude that a remote device with greater force would improve the success rate, and have initiated a new project to develop such a tool.

Using Remotely Operated Jacks to Fall Dangerous Trees
The project conducted a preliminary analysis of whether light-weight remotely operated jacks can be used to fall dangerous trees, in order to reduce the risk of injury to hand fallers. Using a mathematical model, the researcher assessed whether the holding wood (the wood left in place after initial cuts are made at the base of the tree) would be strong enough to keep the tree stationary while setting the jack, but also be weak enough to enable a lightweight jack to fall the tree while operated from a safe distance. Results showed that remote jacks can be used to fall dangerous trees, but further work is needed to determine how best to make sure the tree remains stationary while setting the jack.

Intervention research

A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Ceiling Lift Coaching Project
This project evaluated a ceiling lift peer coaching program implemented in six long term care units by Vancouver Coastal Health. After the program was completed, staff reported using the ceiling lifts more often and having greater confidence when using them. They study also found that ceiling-lift-preventable musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) and related compensation costs decreased after the intervention. The researchers recommend continuing the program and also adapting it for use in other health care sectors and for additional health and safety issues.

A test re-test reliability study of the hands-free technique and safety climate questionnaire in B.C. operating room nurses
This project evaluated a new questionnaire about operating room nurses' and technicians' use of the Hands Free Technique (HFT), a safe work practice that helps prevent injuries and contamination of operating room personnel during surgeries. The questionnaire examined aspects of HFT use and workplace safety climate.

An Intervention for Overhead Drilling into Concrete
This research project refined and field tested an Inverted Drill Press (IDP) – a device designed to enable construction workers to perform overhead drilling with less shoulder force, reduced awkward neck postures, less dust exposure and a lower risk of falling.  The IDP allows the user to remain on the ground while drilling overhead into the ceiling, and does not require the drill to be held by hand. Based on focus group input, a camera system was added to the design so the user can see the drill and drilling site without extending the neck.  Pilot and field testing results showed less fatigue (of the neck, shoulders, hands, forearms, lower back, and legs), greater comfort and greater ease of use with the IDP device compared with the usual method of overhead drilling.  Data from sensors worn by participants also revealed that the camera reduced awkward neck postures when drilling with the IDP. The IDP is generally slower than the usual method but in some circumstances can be faster.  The final report identifies the types of situations in which it would be most beneficial to use the IDP device.

British Columbia Workplace Safety Leadership Development
This project explored ways to partner with B.C. firms to conduct research on workplace safety leadership development, an approach that focuses on enhancing the capacity of individual leaders and ensuring that there is a regular flow of safety information to them. The planned research would focus on the measurement of workplace safety climate, and enhancing safety leadership practices in B.C. workplaces. A research proposal was developed, and further research planning in collaboration with B.C. employers will build on the learnings of this project.

Cleaning and Decontamination of Workplaces Containing Beryllium — Techniques and Cleaning Solutions
Beryllium in the air and on surfaces in workplaces can harm human health and can lead to lung disease with prolonged exposure. This research assessed the effectiveness of various cleaning solutions, surface sampling techniques, and methods used in cleaning and decontaminating workplaces where beryllium is present. The study found that several factors are important in determining whether the threshold value (considered ‘beryllium free’) can be achieved, including: the surface on which the beryllium dusts are deposited, the beryllium compound, the cleaning solution, the sampling technique and the individual applying the technique. The researchers make recommendations for cleaning and decontaminating workplaces in which beryllium is present, and a workplace guide based on the findings is in development.

Confined Space Atmospheric Risk Assessment
Chemical processes generated by the materials in mining waste dumps can cause oxygen deficient air to accumulate within confined spaces, without any visible signs of danger. This in turn can lead to fatalities if workers, and subsequently rescuers, enter the confined space. To enable mining engineers and others to identify these hazards, researchers developed a new risk assessment tool, called the Atmospheric Fuzzy Risk Assessment (AFRA) expert system. AFRA uses “fuzzy logic” (“if then” reasoning), to predict the risk of confined space atmospheric hazards based on current conditions. The tool is now being evaluated, and a held version for use by paramedics and First Responders is in development.

Designing, Implementing, & Evaluating a Dissemination Strategy for Management of Low Mood & Depression among Employees of Pacific Blue Cross
In this project, researchers developed and piloted a dissemination strategy for a self-care manual for workers dealing with the onset of depression. The research results highlighted psychological health as an important area for focus within the organization; the need for an integrated, multi-faceted approach involving a range of stakeholders; and a strong interest in accessing resources and training for evidence‐based, self‐care approaches to managing low mood and depression among employees. The project results will be relevant to other organizations planning to adopt mentally healthy workplace initiatives in the future.

Developing a Safety Climate: Shared Assumptions and Interventions
This project tested a workplace intervention aimed at improving the safety culture within nursing units in a Nova Scotia health district. The intervention included biweekly group discussions in which nursing staff explored the reasons for workplace accidents, identified solutions and developed action plans. Pre- and post-intervention surveys and participant feedback were used to assess the impact of the intervention.  The authors also provide recommendations for future interventions.

Establishing an Occupational Health and Infection Control Program in a Large Ambulatory Care Facility
This project developed and implemented an occupational health and infection prevention and control program within a multi-partner, multi-purpose ambulatory (outpatient) health care facility. To inform the development of the program, the research team conducted a literature review, a needs assessment, and an audit of cleaning practices. The program was developed in close collaboration with facility staff. Before and after the program was implemented, the research team conducted workplace assessments and surveyed staff about their infection prevention control knowledge, attitudes and practices. The researchers provide several recommendations for ambulatory health care facilities, based on the project findings.

Examining the cost-benefit of additional staffing in long term care (LTC) facilities
This project examines the staffing/injury rate relationship in 174 Long-Term Care (LTC) facilities through an exploratory analysis of WorkSafeBC injury databases linked with Labour Relations Board (LRB) staffing databases. The staffing/injury rate relationship was examined across care levels and occupational groups.

Identifying Risk Factors of Falls among B.C.’s Healthcare Workers
This study examined data on workplace falls among health care workers in a large B.C. health region to identify contributing factors and report the associated compensation costs and days lost from work.  The results showed an increasing trend in the rates of falls, compensation costs and days lost for health care worker falls within the health region between 2004 and 2007.  Some groups of workers had a higher risk of falls, as did females and older workers.  Based on the findings, the researchers recommend making fall prevention for health care workers a priority, with attention to the groups of workers at higher risk and the contributing factors identified in the study.

Increasing Access to Radiation Safety Training and Validating its Effectiveness in Improving Work Practices Involving Radiation
In this project, researchers developed four training modules in online and DVD formats, with the goal of improving staff access to radiation safety training. The modules developed were: Radiation Safety Basics, Radiation Safety for Nursing Staff, Radiation Safety for Nuclear Medicine Technologists, and Safe Use of Fluoroscopy. To assess whether the modules were effective in transferring knowledge and improving work practices involving radiation, a pilot study was conducted in three B.C. health authorities. The modules were found to be effective and are being integrated into staff orientation procedures and training resources.

Innovation in Worker Safety Representation Systems: An Examination of Worker Involvement in Britain, Australia and New Zealand and the Potential Benefits for B.C. Construction Workers
A key component of occupational accident and injury prevention is effective facilitation of the internal responsibility system, which involves joint worker and employer responsibility for occupational health and safety (OH&S) management.  A significant weakness in the internal responsibility system in B.C. construction is in the area of worker representation and participation. This project reviewed how several jurisdictions have improved worker representation and participation in cooperative OH&S management, and identified best practices that could be applied to improve prevention in the B.C. construction industry.  The study reviewed relevant research, programs, and legislation/regulations in Ontario, United Kingdom, New Zealand and the Australian state of Victoria. In addition, key informant interviews were conducted with B.C. construction industry stakeholders and worker representatives, to identify barriers to worker participation in OH&S in the construction industry in B.C., and the effectiveness of related Workers Compensation Act provisions.

Inter-rater Reliability Assessment of an Audit Tool for OH&S Management Systems in Healthcare
This project assessed the reliability of a new, standardized health and safety program audit tool developed for use in health care environments. Audits of health and safety programs in four departments within a B.C. health authority were conducted by two independent auditors using the audit tool, and the consistency of the results was assessed. The implications of the findings for future research and evaluation of health care health and safety programs are discussed.

Joint Prevention of Workplace Violence: Creating an Innovative Web-based Tool
This project created an online tool that OHS teams can use to develop a violence prevention plan that is tailored to their workplace.  The tool assists with setting up a risk assessment team and identifying the violence risks that exist within the workplace, then provides relevant prevention of violence good practice resources based on the results.  The Prevention of Violence website is currently online in its trial phase.

Preventing Needle-stick Injuries and the Use of Dental Safety Syringes New
This project was designed to investigate whether safety-engineered syringes contribute to safety and decrease the risk of injury and subsequent disease transmission to dental healthcare personnel and, if so, which safety-engineered syringes provide the highest level of protection. The final report includes suggestions for reducing the risk of needle stick injuries in dentistry, including immunization, implementation of strategies to minimize needle stick injuries in the dental workplace, improvement in reporting of needle stick injuries in dentistry, and providing constructive feedback to manufacturers so they can design a more compatible safety-engineered device for the delivery of local anesthetic in the dental setting.

Reducing Cytotoxic Drug Exposure in Healthcare: Determinants Influencing Cleaning Effectiveness
Cytotoxic drugs are commonly used in healthcare facilities to treat cancer and other diseases. Although guidelines for handling cytotoxic drugs exist, studies have shown that contamination can occur even when proper engineering controls are in place. This can expose health care workers to these hazardous substances, which are associated with adverse health effects. This project involved laboratory research to assess the effectiveness of the cleaning agents currently in use in B.C. to clean surfaces contaminated with cytotoxic drugs. The research team also provides recommendations based on the findings.

Summative Evaluation of the Fish Safe Stability Education Program: A Multifaceted Approach
This project evaluated the Fish Safe Stability Education Program (FSSEP). The program offers a user friendly, four-day course in fishing vessel stability principles, which are critical for preventing capsizings and fatalities in the B.C. commercial fishing industry. The course uses a technique called “indirect instruction”, which is learner focused and draws on the practical on-the-job knowledge fishermen have gained in their many years of fishing. Input from fishermen who have taken the course was collected through a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions. The evaluation found that the course was highly rated by participants, with almost all indicating they learned something from the course, and the majority having made changes to vessels and operating practices to minimize stability threats.

Taking Care of Those Who Care: Assessing Organizational and Individual Stress Management Interventions for Anti-violence Workers
This project examined the impact of interventions for reducing depression and burnout among workers at a large anti-violence women’s organization in B.C. The interventions included previously implemented workplace changes and an eight-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) course offered to staff during the study.  After taking the MBSR course, participants reported significant improvements in their physical health, symptoms of depression, exhaustion and sense of professional efficacy compared with staff on a wait-list for the course.  The study also found that absenteeism rates began to decline in the year after the workplace changes were introduced.

The Effectiveness of Current Fire Fighter Rapid Intervention Teams
This research compared the effectiveness of two person and four person Rapid Intervention Teams (RITs) in rescuing fire fighters who have become lost, trapped or injured at an emergency scene.  Rescue scenarios were conducted with 160 fire fighters, with researchers measuring the time required and observing any difficulties the teams experienced in completing the rescues. All participants received RIT training before conducting the exercises. The results showed that two person RITs are insufficient for many rescue scenarios. Other areas for improvement were also identified, including the need for regular RIT training for fire fighters, the assignment of roles and responsibilities to RIT members and better air supply management. The recommendations from the study have been incorporated into the fire fighter RIT training offered by the Justice Institute throughout B.C.

Tracking BBF exposures: The implementation of the Exposure Prevention Information Network (EPINet™ at VIHA)
This project implemented a surveillance system to track blood and body fluid (BBF) exposures within the Vancouver Island Health Authority. The Exposure Prevention Intervention Network (EPINet™) system, which is the gold standard for BBF surveillance, was adapted for use in the B.C. health care context and incorporated into the existing Workplace Health Indicator Tracking and Evaluation (WHITE™) database developed by the Occupational Health and Safety Agency for Healthcare (OHSAH). Injury rates were calculated and data were compared with other health authorities who have also implemented the EPINet™ system.

WorkSmart: A Warehouse Safety Video and Curriculum for Employees with Developmental Disabilities
This project developed a safety training program for individuals with developmental disabilities who work in entry level warehouse positions. Training tools include a ten minute video, facilitator’s guide, employee handbook and pictorial participant quiz. Pilot testing found that participants enjoyed the course, gained new information and transferred their learning to the workplace.

Workplace Emergency Planning Inclusive of People with Disabilities
Planning for alternative communications and inclusive evacuation and recovery procedures is critical to the safety of workers with disabilities in disaster situations such as fires, floods, hazard material incidents and earthquakes. This research project examined current workplace emergency planning practice in B.C. to determine how inclusive it is of the needs of people with disabilities. The literature review and key informant interviews also examined emergency planning in other Canadian provinces and the United States to identify best practices that could be applied in B.C. The BC Coalition of People with Disabilities (BCCPD) has developed a handbook on emergency planning in the workplace based on the findings.

Occupational injury and illness — causes, diagnosis, prevention

A case-control study to identify agricultural chemicals associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and in vitro screening of their endocrine disruption activities
A matched case-control study was conducted to identify agricultural chemicals that are associated with prostate cancer. These chemicals were then evaluated for endocrine-disrupting properties, through in vitro screening.

A pilot study to develop guidelines for reducing tree planter injuries
This project was a pilot study of MSI risk factors in tree planting, involving the measurement and characterization of ergonomic risk factors such as posture, muscle exertions, vibration and shock. The research was aimed at enabling a larger study on MSI risk factors and prevention in tree planting, and the development of MSI prevention guidelines for the industry.

A retrospective cohort study of mortality and cancer incidence among registered nurses in British Columbia
This study examined the risk of cancer for registered nurses (RNs) in B.C. The study used a retrospective cohort design involving over 58,000 RNs registered in B.C. from 1974 to 2000. Results showed that RNs had a lower risk than the general population for most cancers. However there was a higher risk of specific cancers for some job categories, exposures and with increasing number of years worked, compared to other RNs in the cohort.

Airway Obstruction and Hypersensitivity among Young Workers: 16 Year Follow-up of Machinist and Construction Apprentices
In 1988, UBC researchers began a long term study of the development of asthma and other breathing problems in young workers in response to irritants and allergens in work environments. Apprentices (machinists, electricians, insulators and painters) were tested at the beginning of the study and two years later to identify early changes in respiratory health. In this phase of the study, researchers conducted follow-up respiratory health assessments with over 200 of the original 356 participants to find out if the breathing problems identified in some participants in the earlier testing were associated with respiratory problems later on. The research also examined whether machinists’ breathing problems are associated with levels of exposure to highly irritating metalworking fluids in the air. The findings of the study are particularly relevant to implementing workplace screening programs and minimizing exposure to metalworking fluid aerosols.

Are mathematical models an appropriate surrogate for exposure monitoring when establishing respiratory protective requirements for the clean-up of small indoor chemical spills?
This project evaluated mathematical models to see if they could accurately predict the airborne concentrations resulting from chemical spills and help identify the level of respiratory protection needed. Researchers conducted simulated spills with chemicals often used in hospital laboratories, then compared the measured airborne levels with the concentrations predicted by the exposure models. None of the models accurately predicted the actual airborne concentrations that resulted from the spills.

Assessing Exposures to Compost Workers from Airborne Biohazards
This project measured compost workers’ exposure to selected airborne biohazards (fungal, bacterial and other organic matter) that can affect respiratory health, at three composting facilities in B.C. The study also examined whether concentration levels are associated with other factors, including season, climate, type of composting technology, type of feed-stock (organic matter being composted), job tasks, and engineering controls. The study confirmed that workers at composting facilities are exposed to airborne biohazards, and revealed that working inside air-conditioned cabs significantly reduces exposure levels. Based on the findings, the researchers make recommendations for reducing worker exposures in the composting industry.

Back Injuries in Heavy Industries, Part A: Defining Back Injury Outcomes for Research Purposes
This study examined patterns of back injury related health care contacts among  116,268 B.C. workers in heavy industries, using medical services, hospitalization and workers compensation data from 1992 to 2001. The aim of the study was to better understand how back injuries arise and change over time, and to identify when a new back injury arises (as opposed to a chronic or episodic injury). The distinct patterns of back injury identified in the study and the definition of new back injuries will be useful for future research on the causes of occupational back injuries, and for clinicians who want to better understand health care seeking behaviours of those suffering from back injury. This study was part of Phase One of a program of research to examine the causes of back injuries in five at-risk heavy industries and test interventions to reduce these injuries.  Phase One also included the study: Back Injuries in Heavy Industries: Risk Factor Exposure Assessment.

Back Injuries in Heavy Industries, Part B: Risk Factor Exposure Assessment
The primary goal of this study was to identify successful and cost-effective exposure measurement techniques that health researchers can use to study the causes of back disorders. To accomplish this goal, researchers measured the exposures of 126 workers employed in five major heavy industries in B.C., using five different exposure assessment methods. Three of these methods used instruments that took direct measurements of some of the most important risk factors for back disorders: posture and bending; muscle activity due to both posture and materials handling; and vibration of the body due to operating a vehicle. The other two methods gathered less detailed yet wider-ranging information about risk factors through once per minute observation of work, and through end-of-shift interviews with workers.

Beryllium Disease in BC Workers: A Pilot Surveillance Project Using Linked Administrative Data
This study assessed whether Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD) – a serious lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium – may have occurred in B.C., although no cases have been reported to date.  Using hospitalization, medical services and workers’ compensation data, the project assessed whether industries with possible beryllium exposures had elevated rates of sarcoidosis, a disease which can mimic CBD.  The study found that some of those industries had sarcoidosis rates significantly above the overall rate. The researchers conclude that some of the sarcoidosis in the industries using beryllium may have actually been CBD, and that CBD surveillance is needed in B.C.

Breaking New Ground: Does Radon Present a Health Risk to Nova Scotia Workers?
This study assessed average radon levels in 21 workplaces in Nova Scotia. Radon is an invisible, odorless, radioactive gas released during the natural breakdown of uranium, which at high doses can increase the risk of lung cancer.  The research results showed very low radon concentrations in 19 of the 21 workplaces. Two workplaces had individual locations with readings over 150 becquerels per cubic metre (Bq/m3), the level at which national guidelines indicate steps should be taken to manage worker exposure. However these were well below the level (800 Bq/m3) at which a Radiation Protection Management is advised.  Possible explanations for the low radon levels found in this study include soil and water composition, good ventilation and well maintained building foundations.

Cancer and occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorophenol
This study examined the effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and tetrachlorophenol (TCP), two fungicides that were used broadly in BC’s lumber industry between 1950 and 1990. Both substances are chlorophenols – a group of chemicals classified as potential carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Data from the BC Sawmill Cohort was linked with cancer registry data and workers’ exposures were estimated to examine the risk of cancer for B.C. sawmill workers exposed to PCP and TCP.

Carcinogen Surveillance Program
This project developed new estimates of how many workers are exposed to cancer causing agents in B.C. workplaces. The estimates were developed by using a modified version of CAREX, the International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens, and integrating additional data sources, such as detailed B.C. and Ontario labour force estimates, workplace carcinogen exposure measurements, government reports, B.C. cancer studies and other published research. Findings include estimates of the 10 most common workplace carcinogens in B.C. and the number of workers estimated to be exposed to each.

Development and Evaluation of a Model for a Home Care Ceiling Lift Program in B.C.
A model program for implementing ceiling lifts in home care settings in B.C. was developed.  Based on a review of the relevant literature and other information such as existing programs in other locations, the research team prepared an initial home care ceiling lift program model.  After interviewing a variety of home care stakeholders about the potential model, the program elements and options were prioritized. The resulting program model also takes into account goals and success indicators.

Development of a method for quantifying biomechanical risk factors associated with manual and mechanically assisted patient handling
This project developed and evaluated methods for examining the biomechanical risk factors associated with manual and mechanically assisted techniques for patient handling tasks. Two biomechanical approaches were developed and evaluated by using them to compare the forces associated with two techniques for repositioning patients in bed: use of a slider sheet (manual method) and use of an overhead lift (mechanically assisted method).

Development of Analytical Tools to Investigate Aerosolized Cytotoxic Drugs
Cytotoxic (cell killing) drugs, which are used in treating cancer and other illnesses, can be present in the air and on surfaces within health care facilities. In order to study airborne exposures to cytotoxic drugs, accurate sampling methodologies need to be developed. As a first step, this project designed and built a device for releasing precise quantities of vapour, dried particle or liquid cytotoxic drug aerosols into a sealed chamber for analysis.  The project also tested methods of extracting particles of the drug cyclophosphamide (CP) from the chamber for analysis. The researchers’ longer term goal is to develop a personal aerosol sampler that will measure airborne cytotoxic drug particles in health care settings.

Does Surgical Setting or Wait-time Incentive Improve Return to Work Following Knee Surgery among Injured Workers
This project examined WorkSafeBC data to assess whether surgical setting or expediting surgeries results in the intended outcome of shorter wait times and shorter disability times among injured workers. The study compared wait times and return-to-work outcomes for a sample of workers undergoing knee surgery based on whether they received expedited surgery in a public hospital, expedited surgery in a private clinic, or non-expedited surgery in a public hospital. The study found that wait times were approximately 2 weeks shorter for the expedited surgeries compared to the non-expedited surgeries.  Following surgery, there was no significant difference in return-to-work time by expedited status or surgical setting, although the public hospital, non-expedited group returned to work approximately one week sooner.

Early Intervention with Low Back Injured Workers Who are at Risk for Work Disability
A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of early intervention (EI) within a workers’ compensation setting, for high and moderate risk workers with a back injury, who have been off work for 4–10 weeks. The key outcomes evaluated were return to work (RTW) rates, health care and disability costs, and work days lost. This project builds on an earlier pilot study that showed that EI can reduce time loss outcomes in a workers’ compensation setting.

Elevated jackhammer support: Development and evaluation of a jackhammer support device to reduce musculoskeletal injuries among construction workers
This study involved the design, fabrication and testing of a jackhammer support device. The support device was field tested by construction workers who use jackhammers on a daily basis.

Evaluating Methods to use the Virtual Corset™ Inclinometer for Trunk Posture and Spinal Compression Measurements
This project evaluated an approach to measuring trunk angle (the angle of the torso in relation to either the pelvis or the ground) and estimating spinal compression (the forces squeezing together the bones of the spine) using a new device called the Virtual Corset™. The Virtual Corset ™ is potentially on par with laboratory based methods, but it is also user friendly and less expensive. Based on laboratory tests, the study found that the Virtual Corset accurately measured trunk angle, particularly when two of the devices (one torso-mounted and one pelvis-mounted) were used at the same time. For measuring trunk angle, the Virtual Corset has the potential to be used in back injury research, and for prevention and rehabilitation purposes. More research is recommended on the use of the Virtual Corset to estimate spinal compression.

Identifying Possible Work-Related Lung Cancer in the Clinical Setting – Getting Started
This pilot study confirmed the feasibility of using a questionnaire to assess the workplace exposures of lung cancer patients in a clinical setting. In the study, patients filled out questionnaires about their history of workplace exposures and the results were compared with findings of interviews conducted by an occupational hygienist. Key informant interviews with clinicians were also conducted to identify barriers and facilitators to clinicians investigating and reporting work-related lung cancer. Recommendations are provided for using patient-filled questionnaires to increase the reporting of possible work-related cancers and the appropriate referral of patients for further investigation.

In vivo measurements of lumbar mechanics from ultrasound imaging
This project evaluated the use of ultrasound imaging for providing information about the muscle mechanics of the lower back. Ultrasound images of lumbar trunk muscles were assessed for their potential application in quantifying the strength of muscle contraction, intervertebral stiffness and muscle stiffness.

Injury rates, ergonomic factors and work conditions associated with musculoskeletal injuries among school custodians in British Columbia
This cohort study, conducted in 2006, examined rates of musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) for school custodians working at a Lower Mainland School Board (School Board) in relation to ergonomic and broader school environmental risk factors. The research included focus groups, a detailed breakdown of tasks performed for major job categories, and ergonomic assessments of the tasks. Using these data, a job exposure matrix was constructed. Injury outcomes were obtained through injury incident reports. Separate analyses were conducted for both the school year and the summer periods. School custodians employed at the School Board had an injury rate four times greater than the school board’s overall rate. About half the injuries among cohort members were MSIs. The report recommends strategies to improve the prevention of MSIs in school custodial work.

Investigation of occupational exposures to forestry workers from environmental Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii
This study investigated occupational exposure to Cryptococcus gattii ( C. gattii ), an organism that is responsible for an emerging infectious disease in BC. This organism is normally found in tropical and sub-tropical areas, but has been found in recent years in treed areas on some parts of Vancouver Island. Researchers examined the prevalence of the organism in trees, soil and air and assessed the potential for occupational exposure related to performing woodland maintenance tasks.

Lift devices to reduce MSI among home support workers in B.C. – A community intervention
In this study, a manually operated ceiling lift was evaluated in the homes of 20 home support clients over a one year period. The research examined psychological factors associated with the use of the device, as well as musculoskeletal (MSI) injury rates and compensation costs. The manual lift was designed in an earlier project by BCIT researchers, and is intended to be a lower cost lift that is suitable for homecare settings.

Occupational Risk Identification for Ovarian Cancer
This project is the first phase (data collection) of a larger research study to identify occupational risk factors for ovarian cancer.  A total of 1167 participants were recruited for the study, and data was collected on their work histories and other relevant information. In the next stage, participants’ exposure to chemicals in the workplace will be estimated by linking their work histories with estimates of typical exposures for different types of jobs (job exposure matrices).

Optimization of Ultrasound Guided Hyperosmolar Dextrose Injection Therapy for Chronic Tendinopathy
Injections of a dextrose solution guided by an ultrasound examination (ultrasound guided dextrose injection therapy or UDIT) can help reduce pain and improve the physical ability of individuals who have experienced tendon pain for a long period of time. In this study, researchers tested whether UDIT can achieve similar benefits if the time between treatments is reduced and there is less space between injection sites. The pain and tendon healing outcomes for patients with chronic injuries of the Achilles tendon injuries or plantar fascia (a band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot) given the modified protocol were compared with outcomes for similar patients from a previous study that used the original UDIT protocol. The findings provided further evidence that treatment with UDIT results in improvements in pain and tendon healing. However, for Achilles tendon injuries, the modified treatment protocol was associated with slower improvements in pain and tendon healing and a need for a greater number of treatments, suggesting that the original UDIT treatment protocol is more beneficial for these injuries.

Outcome Assessment of Clinical Practice Guidelines in the Medical and Chiropractic Management of Patients with Acute Mechanical Lower Back Pain: A Randomized Control Trial
This study examined whether treatment outcomes for patients with acute lower back pain are more favourable when treatment is provided in accordance with clinical practice guidelines. Clinical practice guidelines recommend the treatments with the strongest evidence according to independent reviews of the scientific literature. The study compared the progress of patients receiving either usual care under a family physician or clinical practice guidelines-based care through the Non-operative Orthopaedic Spine Program at Vancouver General Hospital. Results showed that patients treated according to the clinical practice guidelines experienced greater functional improvements and greater improvements in quality of life measures than patients receiving family physician-directed usual care.

Parkinson’s Disease: Workplace Risk Factors New
The purpose of this epidemiological study was to determine whether individuals whose workplace environment entails exposures to respiratory infections, pesticides, metals, solvents, vibrations, or stress have an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. The study also investigated whether certain individuals are more susceptible to such exposures and are, therefore, more likely to develop the disease. Some of the risk factors identified in this study were consistent with previous research, such as: decreased risk with smoking and increased risks for farming and horticulture occupations, social sciences, law and library jobs, and a history of head injury. It is the largest case-control study of Parkinson’s disease conducted in Canada to date.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in hospital emergency room personnel
This project examined Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and posttraumatic stress symptoms in emergency room (ER) workers, including prevalence, contributing workplace characteristics, and ways to improve prevention and treatment. A questionnaire was competed by 107 ER staff from 3 Vancouver hospitals, and interviews were conducted with a smaller sample of participants.

Radon in British Columbia Work Places
This study assessed the extent to which radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, is a health risk in B.C. workplaces. Radon monitoring data was used to estimate the annual radiation doses that would result from radon in a variety of workplaces. The estimated doses were then compared with the Action Level and maximum Annual Effective Dose specified for ionizing radiation in BC Occupational Health and Safety Regulation. The project also obtained new radon monitoring data from a small selection of workplaces such as show caves and facilities located in radon prone areas of B.C., and examined the available literature on radon in the workplace. Based on the findings, recommendations are provided for workplace radon prevention, protection, monitoring and regulatory issues in B.C.

Shift work, light-at-night, and melatonin: Characterizing a new cancer-related occupational exposure
New measurement methods are needed to enable research on exposure to light-at-night, a possible risk factor for cancer, in particular for shift workers. This study measured health care workers' melatonin levels and 24-hour light intensity exposure in occupational and residential settings.

Sustaining Health Care Professionals during Pandemic Influenza: A Pre-incident Pilot Project
Health care organizations have been advised by the World Health Organization to prepare for widespread influenza outbreaks that could occur in the future. This project aimed to better understand health care practitioners’ needs, concerns and stress levels related to preparing for and dealing with such an event.  Participants were also asked for input on two stress management tools. The research findings point to how training and orientation programs could be improved to better prepare and support health care practitioners for potential future pandemics.

Tendinosis and tendon regeneration: Roles of apoptosis and insulin-like growth factor-I
Repetitive-use tendon injuries are a significant cause of disability and lost productivity among workers, but there is a lack of understanding about how these injuries develop and treatments are often unsuccessful. This project conducted laboratory research to learn more about the physiological processes involved in tendon overuse injuries and identify models for pre-clinical testing of possible treatments in the future. In particular, the study examined the role of apoptosis, or cell death, which has been identified in some studies as a possible mechanism underlying tendon injury, and a potential target for new tendonitis treatments. The results indicate that apoptosis is not as prevalent in tendon injuries as previously reported and that the early stages of tendon overuse injuries are characterized more by an increase in new cells.

Tendinosis and tendon regeneration: Roles of apoptosis and insulin-like growth factor-I
Tendon injuries are a common type of work-related musculoskeletal disorder, but their cause is not fully understood and treatment is often unsuccessful. This study examined the role of a non-inflammatory process (apoptosis) in the injury of tendon tissue, and provides the groundwork for the study of a potential new treatment.

The effect of subject awareness in assessing the probability of slip and fall accidents
The goal of this study was to examine how the probability of human subjects slipping in laboratory tests is affected when they are aware in advance that they are going to slip. The research findings have implications for the validation of tribometers, devices used to measure shoe/floor friction.

The Prevalence, nature and risks of voice problems in teachers
In this study, a questionnaire was developed for assessing the prevalence, nature and risk factors for occupational voice disorders in public school teachers. The questionnaire has been completed, validated and pilot tested.

The Use of Induced Sputum as an Additional Diagnostic Indicator of an Asthmatic Reaction to Red Cedar after Specific Inhalation Challenge Testing
The current method of diagnosing red cedar asthma — inhalation challenge testing — is time consuming and has potential side effects.  This study examined the possibility of using biomarkers of asthma activation in induced sputum (the mucus or phlegm induced and coughed up from the airways by inhalation of hypertonic saline) as a potential alternative method for diagnosing red cedar asthma. Samples of induced sputum were obtained from patients before and after inhalation challenge testing with purified red cedar extract. The biomarkers in the samples before and after inhalation challenge testing were compared to identify any changes, and the researchers assessed whether these changes could be used to confirm the diagnosis of red cedar asthma.

Trace Metal and Pesticide Exposure in Tree Planting in British Columbia
This study assessed tree planters’ exposure to fertilizers and pesticide residues, and examined the relationship between exposure to fertilizers and potential health effects, including chronic respiratory symptoms. Research methods included monitoring tree planters’ exposures at five different sites in B.C., environmental sampling, interviews with tree planters, and statistical analysis. Measures to reduce and monitor exposure are recommended.

Ultrasound Guided Dextrose Injections as a New Treatment for Chronic Overuse Tendon Injuries
This study tested the effectiveness of a treatment for chronic tendon pain, in which a solution is injected into areas of the tendon that show signs of degeneration, as identified through an ultrasound examination. The goal of this procedure is to stimulate healing in the damaged areas of the tendon. A total of 108 tendons in the Achilles, heel (plantar fascia), knee or elbow area were treated using this method. The change in level of pain for patients by the end of treatment and at long term follow up was assessed, as were physical changes in the tendons occurring over the course of treatment.

Who works where? Building occupational research capacity in the BC Linked Health Database
This project developed an industry of employment variable in the BC Linked Health Database (BCLHD) to enhance the capacity of the database for future research projects on the relationships between work and health.

Societal change in occupational health and safety

A Multidisciplinary Study of Factors Influencing Hazard Reduction Strategies, Using Noise Exposure and Hearing Loss as a Model
This study examined barriers to including Engineered Noise Controls (ENCs) in workplace hearing conservation programs. ENCs reduce the noise exposure of workers by stopping noise at the source, and are an effective way to prevent occupational-related hearing loss. The research included interviews with staff and audits of workplace hearing conservation programs in eight B.C. workplaces in the food and beverage manufacturing sector. Based on the findings, the researchers recommend several ways to promote the adoption of ENCs in workplaces.

A Review of Evaluations of Social Marketing Campaigns in Occupational Injury, Disease or Disability Prevention
This study conducted a systematic review of the evidence on the effectiveness of social marketing campaigns in the area of occupational injury, disease and disability prevention. The quality of the research methods used in the studies was assessed, to identify and select high quality studies for review. The project also explored whether there are enough high quality economic evaluations to enable the cost-effectiveness of social marketing interventions in this area to be assessed.

Assessing Attitudes, Beliefs and Readiness for MSI Prevention in the Construction Industry
This research developed a questionnaire for examining construction industry worker and supervisor knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about and readiness for musculoskeletal injury (MSI) prevention. The project included consultation with the B.C. Construction Safety Network, a literature review, focus groups, and physical demand analysis data. The questionnaire was completed by workers and supervisors in 15 B.C. road building companies, located mainly in the lower mainland. Based on the findings, the researchers recommend strategies for reducing MSIs in the road building industry.

Farmworker Health and Safety: Challenges for British Columbia
This project explored how health and safety issues in B.C.’s horticultural industry are affected by ethnicity and citizenship status. Using a variety of research methods including a survey of 200 immigrant and migrant farmworkers, the researchers identified many workplace health and safety challenges related to farmworkers’ status as migrants or immigrants, including: immigration policies and features of the federal Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP) that can make it difficult for farmworkers to address health and safety concerns, poor access to health care for migrant workers, language barriers, and inadequate occupational health and safety information and training.

Implementation and Evaluation of a “Safety Culture” in Residential Care Through Involvement of Front-Line Workers
The aim of this project was to develop, deliver and evaluate workplace interventions to reduce MSIs in a residential care environment. An Innovation Team of five frontline staff members played a key role in designing and delivering the interventions, which were modeled on successful practices at another residential care unit known as a “best performer” in preventing MSIs. Injury rates as well as several measures of work and safety culture were assessed before and after the interventions.

Measuring the effectiveness of a hand hygiene campaign on health care workers’ knowledge, attitudes and intention to comply with hand hygiene guidelines
This project examined the effectiveness of a hand hygiene campaign aimed at health care workers within the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority. Surveys, focus groups and a poster competition were used to explore the individual, organizational and environmental factors that influence intent to comply with hand hygiene guidelines and contribute to a successful hand hygiene campaign. The results are relevant to the planning of future infection control initiatives and other behavioural change interventions.

Nurses’ Experiences of Workplace Violence: Towards Effective Intervention
This study explored nurses’ experiences and perceptions of workplace violence and its impact, in order to increase the ability to intervene effectively on behalf of nurses abused at work. The study included a review of incident reports, interviews with 30 nurses in community and clinical settings, and the development of a DVD on workplace violence that features demonstrations of techniques for de-escalating potentially violent situations.

Population-based survey of beliefs about neck and upper extremity injuries: Prelude to social marketing campaigns designed to reduce disability
Research has shown that individual beliefs can affect pain and disability outcomes. This project surveyed a sample of B.C. and Alberta residents about their beliefs concerning recovery from three common workplace injuries: neck pain disorders, upper extremity pain disorders, and whiplash associated disorders (WAD).  The survey results are relevant to clinical practice and social marketing efforts.

The Alberta Back Pain Initiative Study: Evaluation of a Population Based Social Marketing Intervention for the Prevention of Disability Associated with Back Pain
This project evaluated a social marketing campaign conducted by the Workers’ Compensation Board of Alberta and partners to educate the public about optimal management of back pain, particularly the importance of staying active. To assess whether public beliefs about back pain improved as a result of the intervention, telephone interviews were conducted with members of the public. Workers’ compensation and health care data were also analyzed to determine if there were changes to back pain related health care visits and work disability. The study found no statistically significant changes in back pain related health care use or workers’ compensation claim incidence or duration. However, there was a small increase in the proportion of Albertans agreeing with the statement that “If you have back pain you should try to stay active” – the core theme of the campaign.

Using Social Marketing to Increase Occupational Health and Safety
This research project was intended to inform the development of social marketing campaigns aimed at young workers. Research methods included a content analysis of over 250 worker safety communications materials from across North America, a controlled online experiment, and focus group discussions with young male B.C. workers. One of the key findings from the content analysis was that “fear appeals” were used by over half of the young worker health and safety materials received. The online experiment and focus group discussions further explored what aspects of the fear appeal based materials make them most effective, and how participants perceive and react to occupational health and safety ads aimed at young workers.

Working Safe in Aboriginal Communities
This research project examined workplace injury prevention programs in Aboriginal business enterprises. The aim was to discover whether the contexts in which Aboriginal enterprises work mean that injury prevention programs are developed, implemented and operated differently than in non-Aboriginal firms, and if so, what implications this might have for the ability of Aboriginal enterprises to work safely. The project was a qualitative research study which included a review of relevant literature, in-person interviews with business managers and owners, and participant observations to capture respondents’ experiences. Recommendations for WorkSafeBC and Aboriginal communities are provided, based on the findings.

Transferring research knowledge to the workplace

Asthmatic Knowledge and Careers
This project developed a website to educate young asthmatics about asthma triggers, prevention and management in the workplace. The initial design of the website was informed by an extensive review of the literature and of best practices in asthma education and website design. Four sets of user testing and feedback were then conducted, with improvements to the website at each stage, based on test results and participant feedback. After the final changes have been made, the website will be hosted on the Asthma Society of Canada website.

CPR and First Aid Skill Retention
This research project examined the decline of first aid and CPR knowledge and skills over time in individuals employed in office, recreation, and industrial settings. Participants’ first aid and CPR knowledge and skills were evaluated during their performance of two scenarios — one involving choking and one requiring CPR — and a multiple choice first aid exam.  An analysis was conducted to determine if skill and knowledge levels were associated with the length of time since the individuals’ most recent training/certification. A literature review on knowledge and skill training and retention in First Aid and CPR was also conducted.  The project is relevant to developing policies on the frequency and type of training needed to support the retention of lifesaving first aid and CPR skills in those responsible for providing the initial response to injuries and cardiac arrests in the workplace.

Development and evaluation of an affordable lift device to reduce musculoskeletal injuries among home support workers
In this study, a lift device for use by home support workers was designed and evaluated. Study results suggest the device is safe and effective, and could retail at about half the price of commercially available lifts.

Development of a working prototype sling for use with floor and ceiling lifts to be used by the veterinary sector
Veterinary workers are at risk of back injury from lifting and moving large dogs and other animals. The purpose of this project was to develop and evaluate a working prototype sling for the veterinary sector, designed to be compatible with mechanical lift devices, and to be used for lifting, transferring and repositioning four-legged animals in the 25kg to 50kg range.

Development of an Online Repository of OH&S Education and Training Resources for Healthcare: Phase 1
This project developed an online tool for sharing occupational health and safety (OHS) education and training resources for the healthcare sector. The site (called OHS Connect) was designed with input from prospective users obtained through a survey, focus groups and usability testing. Future projects that involve designing or testing OHS programs in B.C. healthcare can now make use of the repository to review what has already been done and to get in contact with other professionals developing similar programs.

Economic Evaluation Workbook for Workplace Parties in the Healthcare Sector
This project developed a software tool for evaluating the costs and benefits of health and safety interventions in healthcare workplaces. The project team worked with partners from the B.C. healthcare sector to make the evaluation tool relevant to the needs of B.C. health authorities. Now called the “Health and Safety Smart Planner: A cost-benefit tool for healthcare”, the software enables three kinds of analysis of actual or potential interventions – before and after (uncontrolled study), controlled study, and business case study. It also includes an Incident Cost Calculator and an extensive help section. After field testing and finalizing the tool, researchers plan to make it available free of charge on the Institute for Work & Health (IWH) website as well as via a link from partner websites.

Ergonomics Health Promotion for B.C. Dental Offices
In this project, researchers developed and evaluated an online ergonomics education and self-evaluation program for dental health professionals. The project aimed to transfer knowledge gained from an earlier WorkSafeBC funded study, which identified changes that can be made to ways of working and using equipment in order to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal pain for dental health professionals.

Shift-work practice in B.C.
This study surveyed types of shiftwork and shiftwork education program in B.C. workplaces across various sectors. The organizations surveyed used a wide variety of shift systems and the majority did not provide shiftwork education. A complementary study of shiftworkers at the Vancouver International Airport during mid-winter and mid-summer was also conducted to assess the effect of seasonal variation on shift-work adaptation.

Training for a Non-toxic Workplace
The hotel industry and school districts are heavy users of commercial-institutional cleaning products, which often contain toxic ingredients. This can include carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, asthmagens (which are substances that can cause asthma), and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (which can interfere with hormones). However, workers often have limited knowledge of chemicals and their potential health effects. In this project, the research team provided training on chemical exposure regulation and product substitution to joint occupational health and safety committees and staff at five school and hotel work sites. The aim of the project was to determine if greater knowledge of chemical exposures, health effects and product substitution would lead to institutional change on product purchasing. A guide on cleaners and toxins for workers in the commercial cleaning industry was also developed and is available on the Labour and Environmental Alliance Society (LEAS) web site.

Treatment of occupational injury and illness

Biomechanical comparison of ankle ligament reconstructive techniques
This study evaluated a new technique for repairing injured ankle ligaments that may provide a stronger repair and allow for earlier rehabilitation. Using laboratory testing, the new technique was compared with the current standard surgery in terms of resulting ankle stability, range of motion and strength of repair.

Early Mobilization of Hand Fractures in B.C.
This study explored the potential for treating hand fractures with a technique called Early Controlled Mobilization (ECM). A systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess whether there is scientific evidence of this technique's effectiveness. Epidemiological research was also conducted on both general and work-related hand fractures in B.C., including the proportion of work-related hand fractures that could potentially be treated with ECM.

EMG-based assessment and classification of low back pain
This study designed and validated a method for classifying Low Back Pain based on the reactive responses of trunk muscles, which are required to stabilize the spinal column.

Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Selective Nerve Root Blockade (SNRB) in Acute Lumbar Disc Herniation and Sciatica
In this study, a clinical trial was conducted to assess how treating acute sciatica with transforminal selective nerve root blockade (SNRB) affects leg pain, back pain, functional ability and surgery rates. Results were examined for three different lengths of symptom duration: 0-6 weeks, 6-12 weeks, and 12-18 weeks.

Get Acrobat Reader To view PDF documents you must have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your system. To obtain a copy of the free reader visit the Adobe web site.